1/17/2019

Show Java Settings as Default

Java -XshowSettings can show possible category arguments in JVM env.

-XshowSettings:category
Shows settings and continues. Possible category arguments for this option include the following:

all
Shows all categories of settings. This is the default value.

locale
Shows settings related to locale.

properties
Shows settings related to system properties.

vm
Shows the settings of the JVM.

java -XshowSettings:all -version

when executed above command, the usage information for running the Java launcher will also be displayed. It can make maintainer a bit less convenient to see those details.


VM settings:
    Max. Heap Size (Estimated): 3.56G
    Ergonomics Machine Class: server
    Using VM: Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM

Property settings:
    awt.toolkit = sun.lwawt.macosx.LWCToolkit
    file.encoding = UTF-8
    file.encoding.pkg = sun.io
    file.separator = /
    ftp.nonProxyHosts = local|*.local|169.254/16|*.169.254/16
    gopherProxySet = false
    http.nonProxyHosts = local|*.local|169.254/16|*.169.254/16
    java.awt.graphicsenv = sun.awt.CGraphicsEnvironment
    java.awt.printerjob = sun.lwawt.macosx.CPrinterJob
    java.class.path = .
    java.class.version = 52.0
    java.endorsed.dirs = /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/endorsed
    java.ext.dirs = /Users/chliu/Library/Java/Extensions
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/ext
        /Library/Java/Extensions
        /Network/Library/Java/Extensions
        /System/Library/Java/Extensions
        /usr/lib/java
    java.home = /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre
    java.io.tmpdir = /var/folders/zd/5kbv_wbd6cqbpfrf8w95sfnr0000gn/T/
    java.library.path = /Users/chliu/Library/Java/Extensions
        /Library/Java/Extensions
        /Network/Library/Java/Extensions
        /System/Library/Java/Extensions
        /usr/lib/java
        .
    java.runtime.name = Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment
    java.runtime.version = 1.8.0_111-b14
    java.specification.name = Java Platform API Specification
    java.specification.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.specification.version = 1.8
    java.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.vendor.url = http://java.oracle.com/
    java.vendor.url.bug = http://bugreport.sun.com/bugreport/
    java.version = 1.8.0_111
    java.vm.info = mixed mode
    java.vm.name = Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM
    java.vm.specification.name = Java Virtual Machine Specification
    java.vm.specification.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.vm.specification.version = 1.8
    java.vm.vendor = Oracle Corporation
    java.vm.version = 25.111-b14
    line.separator = \n
    os.arch = x86_64
    os.name = Mac OS X
    os.version = 10.14.2
    path.separator = :
    socksNonProxyHosts = local|*.local|169.254/16|*.169.254/16
    sun.arch.data.model = 64
    sun.boot.class.path = /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/resources.jar
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/rt.jar
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/sunrsasign.jar
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jsse.jar
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jce.jar
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/charsets.jar
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib/jfr.jar
        /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/classes
    sun.boot.library.path = /Library/Java/JavaVirtualMachines/jdk1.8.0_111.jdk/Contents/Home/jre/lib
    sun.cpu.endian = little
    sun.cpu.isalist =
    sun.io.unicode.encoding = UnicodeBig
    sun.java.launcher = SUN_STANDARD
    sun.jnu.encoding = UTF-8
    sun.management.compiler = HotSpot 64-Bit Tiered Compilers
    sun.os.patch.level = unknown
    user.country = US
    user.country.format = TW
    user.dir = /Users/chliu/temp/aa/WEB-INF/lib
    user.home = /Users/chliu
    user.language = en
    user.name = chliu
    user.timezone =

Locale settings:
    default locale = English
    default display locale = English (United States)
    default format locale = English (Taiwan)
    available locales = , ar, ar_AE, ar_BH, ar_DZ, ar_EG, ar_IQ, ar_JO,
        ar_KW, ar_LB, ar_LY, ar_MA, ar_OM, ar_QA, ar_SA, ar_SD,
        ar_SY, ar_TN, ar_YE, be, be_BY, bg, bg_BG, ca,
        ca_ES, cs, cs_CZ, da, da_DK, de, de_AT, de_CH,
        de_DE, de_GR, de_LU, el, el_CY, el_GR, en, en_AU,
        en_CA, en_GB, en_IE, en_IN, en_MT, en_NZ, en_PH, en_SG,
        en_US, en_ZA, es, es_AR, es_BO, es_CL, es_CO, es_CR,
        es_CU, es_DO, es_EC, es_ES, es_GT, es_HN, es_MX, es_NI,
        es_PA, es_PE, es_PR, es_PY, es_SV, es_US, es_UY, es_VE,
        et, et_EE, fi, fi_FI, fr, fr_BE, fr_CA, fr_CH,
        fr_FR, fr_LU, ga, ga_IE, hi, hi_IN, hr, hr_HR,
        hu, hu_HU, in, in_ID, is, is_IS, it, it_CH,
        it_IT, iw, iw_IL, ja, ja_JP, ja_JP_JP_#u-ca-japanese, ko, ko_KR,
        lt, lt_LT, lv, lv_LV, mk, mk_MK, ms, ms_MY,
        mt, mt_MT, nl, nl_BE, nl_NL, no, no_NO, no_NO_NY,
        pl, pl_PL, pt, pt_BR, pt_PT, ro, ro_RO, ru,
        ru_RU, sk, sk_SK, sl, sl_SI, sq, sq_AL, sr,
        sr_BA, sr_BA_#Latn, sr_CS, sr_ME, sr_ME_#Latn, sr_RS, sr_RS_#Latn, sr__#Latn,
        sv, sv_SE, th, th_TH, th_TH_TH_#u-nu-thai, tr, tr_TR, uk,
        uk_UA, vi, vi_VN, zh, zh_CN, zh_HK, zh_SG, zh_TW

java version "1.8.0_111"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_111-b14)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.111-b14, mixed mode)

1/13/2019

[Java8] Method References

Method references are the special form of Lambda expression. Sometimes, however, a lambda expression does nothing but call an existing method. In those cases, this way is often clearer to refer to existing method by name. They are more compact and easy-to-ready to express something.

Basically, this is just shorthand syntax for a Lambda Expression but this version is more concise & readable.

Types of Method reference

There are four types of method reference.

Reference to a static method

  @Test
   public void testReferenceStaticMethod()
   {
      Function<String, String> upperFunc = StringUtils::toUpperCase;
      Assert.assertEquals("HI JAVA", upperFunc.apply("hi Java"));
   }

Reference to an instance method of a particular object

    @Test
   public void testInstanceMethod()
   {
      String text = "hi java";
      Supplier<Integer> getLength = text::length;
      Assert.assertEquals(Integer.valueOf(7), getLength.get());
   }

Reference to an instance method of a particular type

    @Test
   public void testInstanceMethodByType()
   {
      Function<String, String> upperFunc = String::toLowerCase;
      Assert.assertEquals("hi java", upperFunc.apply("hi Java"));
   }

Reference to a constructor

    @Test
    public void testCallConstructor()
   {
      Function<Integer, Integer> f = Integer::new;
      Assert.assertEquals(new Integer(99), f.apply(99));
   }

Conclusion

In conclusion, if possible, we should try to use method references can make our code cleaner, more readable & promote code reusability, but they have some restrictions on some cases.

1/07/2019

[Java8] the compiled bytecode of lambda

What's byecode of lambda be generated in Java is interesting for me. From below simple code, we can execute javap to get the compiled asm code which will be performed by JVM.

{
   private Function<String, Integer> f = s -> Integer.parseInt(s);
   public String test()
   {
      Function<String, String> c = (a) -> a.toUpperCase();
      Supplier<Date> s = () -> new Date();
      return c.apply("java") + s.get() + f.apply("99");
   }
}

javap -c -p LambdaBytecode.class

public class org.javasafari.lambda.LambdaBytecode {
  private java.util.function.Function<java.lang.String, java.lang.Integer> f;

  public org.javasafari.lambda.LambdaBytecode();
    Code:
       0: aload_0
       1: invokespecial #1                  // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
       4: aload_0
       5: invokedynamic #2,  0              // InvokeDynamic #0:apply:()Ljava/util/function/Function;
      10: putfield      #3                  // Field f:Ljava/util/function/Function;
      13: return

  public java.lang.String test();
    Code:
       0: invokedynamic #4,  0              // InvokeDynamic #1:apply:()Ljava/util/function/Function;
       5: astore_1
       6: invokedynamic #5,  0              // InvokeDynamic #2:get:()Ljava/util/function/Supplier;
      11: astore_2
      12: new           #6                  // class java/lang/StringBuilder
      15: dup
      16: invokespecial #7                  // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
      19: aload_1
      20: ldc           #8                  // String java
      22: invokeinterface #9,  2            // InterfaceMethod java/util/function/Function.apply:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
      27: checkcast     #10                 // class java/lang/String
      30: invokevirtual #11                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      33: aload_2
      34: invokeinterface #12,  1           // InterfaceMethod java/util/function/Supplier.get:()Ljava/lang/Object;
      39: invokevirtual #13                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      42: aload_0
      43: getfield      #3                  // Field f:Ljava/util/function/Function;
      46: ldc           #14                 // String 99
      48: invokeinterface #9,  2            // InterfaceMethod java/util/function/Function.apply:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/Object;
      53: invokevirtual #13                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/Object;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
      56: invokevirtual #15                 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
      59: areturn

  private static java.util.Date lambda$test$2();
    Code:
       0: new           #16                 // class java/util/Date
       3: dup
       4: invokespecial #17                 // Method java/util/Date."<init>":()V
       7: areturn

  private static java.lang.String lambda$test$1(java.lang.String);
    Code:
       0: aload_0
       1: invokevirtual #18                 // Method java/lang/String.toUpperCase:()Ljava/lang/String;
       4: areturn

  private static java.lang.Integer lambda$new$0(java.lang.String);
    Code:
       0: aload_0
       1: invokestatic  #19                 // Method java/lang/Integer.parseInt:(Ljava/lang/String;)I
       4: invokestatic  #20                 // Method java/lang/Integer.valueOf:(I)Ljava/lang/Integer;
       7: areturn
}

Lambdas and invokedynamic

The translation of a lambda expression to be bytecode will be performed in below steps.

  • Generate an invokedynamic call site (lambda factory), which when invoked returns an instance of the Functional Interface defined.
  • Create a static method which included the lambda expression will be invoked through the invokedynamic instruction.

If you want to know how invokedynamic works, "Using Invoke Dynamic to Teach the JVM a New Language" is good for us.